Способ ограничения тока для силового инверторного преобразователя в режиме «ведущий»
Ключевые слова:
силовой инверторный преобразователь, система автоматического управления, алгоритм ограничения тока, виртуальный синхронный генератор
Аннотация
Актуальным направлением развития современных энергосистем является использование непрерывно увеличивающегося количества силовых инверторных преобразователей для обеспечения системных услуг за счёт их функционирования в ведущем по отношению к электрической сети режиме. Вариантом реализации данной концепции является алгоритм управления на основе виртуального синхронного генератора (ВСГ). Однако остаётся нерешённой проблема функционирования ВСГ в анормальных условиях, связанных с увеличением выходного тока. Существующие алгоритмы ограничения тока приводят к потере свойств ведущего силового преобразователя или снижают возможный диапазон выдачи тока в режиме ограничения. В статье предложено использовать структуру ВСГ с управляемым опорным сигналом тока (ВСГ-Т) вместо традиционных ВСГ, управляемых опорным сигналом напряжения. Для ограничения тока в составе ВСГ-Т используется ограничитель амплитуды вектора полного тока. При этом фаза выходного тока продолжает регулироваться исходя из складывающихся схемно-режимных условий в сети за счёт функционирования обратной связи по напряжению в используемых уравнениях виртуальной синхронной машины. Представлены результаты натурного тестирования экспериментального макета инвертора с ВСГ-Т и алгоритмом ограничения тока, а также сравнения с серийным образцом гибридного инвертора. Доказано, что предлагаемые решения позволяют ограничивать ток в автономном режиме и при параллельной работе с сетью, обеспечив при этом устойчивую работу и надёжное питание нагрузки.
Литература
1. Воропай Н.И. Направления и проблемы трансформации электроэнергетических систем. – Электричество, 2020, № 7, с. 12–21.
2. Kroposki B. et al. Achieving a 100% Renewable Grid: Operating Electric Power Systems with Extremely High Levels of Variable Renewable Energy. – IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 2017, vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 61–73, DOI: 10.1109/MPE.2016.2637122.
3. Hatziargyriou N. et al. Definition and Classification of Power System Stability – Revisited & Extended. – IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2021, vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 3271–3281, DOI: 10.1109/TPWRS.2020.3041774.
4. North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC). Grid Forming Functional Specifications for BPS-Connected Battery Energy Storage Systems, 2023 [Электрон. ресурс], URL: https://www.nerc.com/comm/RSTC_Reliability_Guidelines/White_Paper_GFM_Functional_Specification.pdf (дата обращения 15.06.25).
5. Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO). Voluntary Specifications for Grid-Fomring Inverters, 2023 [Электрон. ресурс], URL: https://aemo.com.au/-/media/files/initiatives/ primary-frequency-response/2023/gfm-voluntary-spec.pdf (дата обращения 15.06.25).
6. EU. Migrate consortium – 2020 [Электрон. ресурс], URL: https://www. h2020-migrate.eu/ (дата обращения 15.06.25).
7. Суворов А.А. и др. Синтез и тестирование типовых структур систем автоматического управления на основе виртуального синхронного генератора для генерирующих установок с силовым преобразователем. – Электрические станции, 2022, № 3 (1088), с. 43–57.
8. Lin Y. et al. Research Roadmap on Grid-Forming Inverters. Technical Report NREL/TP-5D00-73476, 2020, 60 p.
9. Fan B. et al. A Review of Current-Limiting Control of Grid-Forming Inverters Under Symmetrical Disturbances. – IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics, 2022, vol. 3, pp. 955–969, DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2022.3227507.
10. Lu M. et al. Dispatchable Virtualoscillator-Controlled Inverters with Current-Limiting and MPPT Capabilities. – IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2021, pp. 3316–3323, DOI: 10.1109/ECCE47101.2021.9595530.
11. Du W., Mohiuddin S.M. A Two-Stage Current Limiting Control Strategy for Improved Low-Voltage Ride-Through Capability of Direct-Droop-Controlled, Grid-Forming Inverters. – IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2023, pp. 2886–2890, DOI: 10.1109/ECCE53617.2023.10362015.
12. Li Z., Hu J., Chan K.W. A New Current Limiting and Overload Protection Scheme for Distributed Inverters in Microgrids Under Grid Faults. – IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2021, vol. 57, No. 6, pp. 6362–6374, DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2021.3104269.
13. Erdocia J., Urtasun A., Marroyo L. Dual Voltage–Current Control to Provide Grid-Forming Inverters With Current Limiting Capability. – IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, 2021, 3950–3962, DOI: 10.1109/JESTPE.2021.3133806.
14. Bottrell N., Green T.C. Comparison of Current-Limiting Strategies During Fault Ride-Through of Inverters to Prevent Latch-Up and Wind-Up. – IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2014, vol. 29, No. 7, pp. 3786–3797, DOI: 10.1109/TPEL.2013.2279162.
15. Teodorescu R. et al. A New Control Structure for Grid-Connected LCL PV Inverters with Zero Steady-State Error and Selective Harmonic Compensation. – 19th Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2004, DOI: 10.1109/APEC.2004.1295865.
16. Аскаров А.Б. и др. Улучшение демпфирующих свойств виртуального синхронного генератора с помощью корректирующего согласно-параллельного регулятора. – Электричество, 2024, № 1, с. 18–36.
17. Суворов А.А. и др. Управление сетевым инвертором на основе виртуального синхронного генератора при изменении плотности электрической сети. – Электричество, 2023, № 3, с. 35–51.
18. Gkountaras A., Dieckerhoff S., Sezi T. Evaluation of Current Limiting Methods for Grid Forming Inverters in Medium Voltage Microgrids. – IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2015, pp. 1223–1230, DOI: 10.1109/ECCE.2015.7309831.
19. Fan L. Modeling Type-4 Wind in Weak Grids. – IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 2019, vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 853–864, DOI: 10.1109/TSTE.2018.2849849.
20. Xin H. et al. Synchronous Instability Mechanism of P-f Dro-op-Controlled Voltage Source Converter Caused by Current Saturation. – IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2016, vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 5206–5207, DOI: 10.1109/TPWRS.2016.2521325.
21. Rokrok E. et al. Transient Stability Assessment and Enhancement of Grid-Forming Converters Embedding Current Reference Saturation as Current Limiting Strategy. – IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2022, vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 1519–1531, DOI: 10.1109/TPWRS.2021.3107959.
22. Илюшин П.В., Симонов А.В. О функционировании распределенных источников энергии с силовыми преобразователями в составе энергосистем и изолированных энергорайонов. – Релейная защита и автоматизация, 2020, № 2 (39), с. 30–38.
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Работа выполнена в рамках Программы стратегического академического лидерства «Приоритет - 2030» ТПУ (№ Приоритет-2030-ЭЭЗЦ-015-198-2025).
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1. Voropay N.I. Elektrichestvo – in Russ. (Electricity), 2020, No. 7, pp. 12–21.
2. Kroposki B. et al. Achieving a 100% Renewable Grid: Operating Electric Power Systems with Extremely High Levels of Variable Renewable Energy. – IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 2017, vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 61–73, DOI: 10.1109/MPE.2016.2637122.
3. Hatziargyriou N. et al. Definition and Classification of Power System Stability – Revisited & Extended. – IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2021, vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 3271–3281, DOI: 10.1109/TPWRS.2020.3041774.
4. North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC). Grid Forming Functional Specifications for BPS-Connected Battery Energy Storage Systems, 2023 [Electron. resource], URL: https://www.nerc.com/comm/RSTC_Reliability_Guidelines/White_Paper_GFM_Functional_Specification.pdf (Accessed on 15.06.25).
5. Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO). Voluntary Specifications for Grid-Fomring Inverters, 2023 [Electron. resource], URL: https://aemo.com.au/-/media/files/initiatives/ primary-frequency-response/2023/gfm-voluntary-spec.pdf (Accessed on 15.06.25).
6. EU. Migrate consortium – 2020 [Electron. resource], URL: https://www. h2020-migrate.eu/ (Accessed on 15.06.25).
7. Suvorov A.A. et al. Elektricheskie stantsii – in Russ. (Electrical Stations), 2022, No. 3 (1088), pp. 43–57.
8. Lin Y. et al. Research Roadmap on Grid-Forming Inverters. Technical Report NREL/TP-5D00-73476, 2020, 60 p.
9. Fan B. et al. A Review of Current-Limiting Control of Grid-Forming Inverters Under Symmetrical Disturbances. – IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics, 2022, vol. 3, pp. 955–969, DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2022.3227507.
10. Lu M. et al. Dispatchable Virtualoscillator-Controlled Inverters with Current-Limiting and MPPT Capabilities. – IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2021, pp. 3316–3323, DOI: 10.1109/ECCE47101.2021.9595530.
11. Du W., Mohiuddin S.M. A Two-Stage Current Limiting Control Strategy for Improved Low-Voltage Ride-Through Capability of Direct-Droop-Controlled, Grid-Forming Inverters. – IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2023, pp. 2886–2890, DOI: 10.1109/ECCE53617.2023.10362015.
12. Li Z., Hu J., Chan K.W. A New Current Limiting and Overload Protection Scheme for Distributed Inverters in Microgrids Under Grid Faults. – IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2021, vol. 57, No. 6, pp. 6362–6374, DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2021.3104269.
13. Erdocia J., Urtasun A., Marroyo L. Dual Voltage–Current Control to Provide Grid-Forming Inverters With Current Limiting Capability. – IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, 2021, 3950–3962, DOI: 10.1109/JESTPE.2021.3133806.
14. Bottrell N., Green T.C. Comparison of Current-Limiting Strategies During Fault Ride-Through of Inverters to Prevent Latch-Up and Wind-Up. – IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2014, vol. 29, No. 7, pp. 3786–3797, DOI: 10.1109/TPEL.2013.2279162.
15. Teodorescu R. et al. A New Control Structure for Grid-Connected LCL PV Inverters with Zero Steady-State Error and Selective Harmonic Compensation. – 19th Annual IEEE Applied Po-wer Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2004, DOI: 10.1109/APEC.2004.1295865.
16. Askarov A.B. et al. Elektrichestvo – in Russ. (Electricity), 2024, No. 1, pp. 18–36.
17. Suvorov A.A. et al. Elektrichestvo – in Russ. (Electricity), 2023, No. 3, pp. 35–51.
18. Gkountaras A., Dieckerhoff S., Sezi T. Evaluation of Current Limiting Methods for Grid Forming Inverters in Medium Voltage Microgrids. – IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2015, pp. 1223–1230, DOI: 10.1109/ECCE.2015.7309831.
19. Fan L. Modeling Type-4 Wind in Weak Grids. – IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 2019, vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 853–864, DOI: 10.1109/TSTE.2018.2849849.
20. Xin H. et al. Synchronous Instability Mechanism of P-f Droop-Controlled Voltage Source Converter Caused by Current Saturation. – IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2016, vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 5206–5207, DOI: 10.1109/TPWRS.2016.2521325.
21. Rokrok E. et al. Transient Stability Assessment and Enhancement of Grid-Forming Converters Embedding Current Reference Saturation as Current Limiting Strategy. – IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2022, vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 1519–1531, DOI: 10.1109/TPWRS.2021.3107959.
22. Ilyushin P.V., Simonov A.V. Releynaya zashchita i avtomatizatsiya – in Russ. (Relay Protection and Automation), 2020, No. 2 (39), pp. 30–38
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This study was carried out within the framework of the Tomsk Polytechnic University Strategic Academic Leadership Program "Priority-2030" (No. Priority-2030-EEZTs-015-198-2025).
2. Kroposki B. et al. Achieving a 100% Renewable Grid: Operating Electric Power Systems with Extremely High Levels of Variable Renewable Energy. – IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 2017, vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 61–73, DOI: 10.1109/MPE.2016.2637122.
3. Hatziargyriou N. et al. Definition and Classification of Power System Stability – Revisited & Extended. – IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2021, vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 3271–3281, DOI: 10.1109/TPWRS.2020.3041774.
4. North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC). Grid Forming Functional Specifications for BPS-Connected Battery Energy Storage Systems, 2023 [Электрон. ресурс], URL: https://www.nerc.com/comm/RSTC_Reliability_Guidelines/White_Paper_GFM_Functional_Specification.pdf (дата обращения 15.06.25).
5. Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO). Voluntary Specifications for Grid-Fomring Inverters, 2023 [Электрон. ресурс], URL: https://aemo.com.au/-/media/files/initiatives/ primary-frequency-response/2023/gfm-voluntary-spec.pdf (дата обращения 15.06.25).
6. EU. Migrate consortium – 2020 [Электрон. ресурс], URL: https://www. h2020-migrate.eu/ (дата обращения 15.06.25).
7. Суворов А.А. и др. Синтез и тестирование типовых структур систем автоматического управления на основе виртуального синхронного генератора для генерирующих установок с силовым преобразователем. – Электрические станции, 2022, № 3 (1088), с. 43–57.
8. Lin Y. et al. Research Roadmap on Grid-Forming Inverters. Technical Report NREL/TP-5D00-73476, 2020, 60 p.
9. Fan B. et al. A Review of Current-Limiting Control of Grid-Forming Inverters Under Symmetrical Disturbances. – IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics, 2022, vol. 3, pp. 955–969, DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2022.3227507.
10. Lu M. et al. Dispatchable Virtualoscillator-Controlled Inverters with Current-Limiting and MPPT Capabilities. – IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2021, pp. 3316–3323, DOI: 10.1109/ECCE47101.2021.9595530.
11. Du W., Mohiuddin S.M. A Two-Stage Current Limiting Control Strategy for Improved Low-Voltage Ride-Through Capability of Direct-Droop-Controlled, Grid-Forming Inverters. – IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2023, pp. 2886–2890, DOI: 10.1109/ECCE53617.2023.10362015.
12. Li Z., Hu J., Chan K.W. A New Current Limiting and Overload Protection Scheme for Distributed Inverters in Microgrids Under Grid Faults. – IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2021, vol. 57, No. 6, pp. 6362–6374, DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2021.3104269.
13. Erdocia J., Urtasun A., Marroyo L. Dual Voltage–Current Control to Provide Grid-Forming Inverters With Current Limiting Capability. – IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, 2021, 3950–3962, DOI: 10.1109/JESTPE.2021.3133806.
14. Bottrell N., Green T.C. Comparison of Current-Limiting Strategies During Fault Ride-Through of Inverters to Prevent Latch-Up and Wind-Up. – IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2014, vol. 29, No. 7, pp. 3786–3797, DOI: 10.1109/TPEL.2013.2279162.
15. Teodorescu R. et al. A New Control Structure for Grid-Connected LCL PV Inverters with Zero Steady-State Error and Selective Harmonic Compensation. – 19th Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2004, DOI: 10.1109/APEC.2004.1295865.
16. Аскаров А.Б. и др. Улучшение демпфирующих свойств виртуального синхронного генератора с помощью корректирующего согласно-параллельного регулятора. – Электричество, 2024, № 1, с. 18–36.
17. Суворов А.А. и др. Управление сетевым инвертором на основе виртуального синхронного генератора при изменении плотности электрической сети. – Электричество, 2023, № 3, с. 35–51.
18. Gkountaras A., Dieckerhoff S., Sezi T. Evaluation of Current Limiting Methods for Grid Forming Inverters in Medium Voltage Microgrids. – IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2015, pp. 1223–1230, DOI: 10.1109/ECCE.2015.7309831.
19. Fan L. Modeling Type-4 Wind in Weak Grids. – IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 2019, vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 853–864, DOI: 10.1109/TSTE.2018.2849849.
20. Xin H. et al. Synchronous Instability Mechanism of P-f Dro-op-Controlled Voltage Source Converter Caused by Current Saturation. – IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2016, vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 5206–5207, DOI: 10.1109/TPWRS.2016.2521325.
21. Rokrok E. et al. Transient Stability Assessment and Enhancement of Grid-Forming Converters Embedding Current Reference Saturation as Current Limiting Strategy. – IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2022, vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 1519–1531, DOI: 10.1109/TPWRS.2021.3107959.
22. Илюшин П.В., Симонов А.В. О функционировании распределенных источников энергии с силовыми преобразователями в составе энергосистем и изолированных энергорайонов. – Релейная защита и автоматизация, 2020, № 2 (39), с. 30–38.
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Работа выполнена в рамках Программы стратегического академического лидерства «Приоритет - 2030» ТПУ (№ Приоритет-2030-ЭЭЗЦ-015-198-2025).
#
1. Voropay N.I. Elektrichestvo – in Russ. (Electricity), 2020, No. 7, pp. 12–21.
2. Kroposki B. et al. Achieving a 100% Renewable Grid: Operating Electric Power Systems with Extremely High Levels of Variable Renewable Energy. – IEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 2017, vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 61–73, DOI: 10.1109/MPE.2016.2637122.
3. Hatziargyriou N. et al. Definition and Classification of Power System Stability – Revisited & Extended. – IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2021, vol. 36, No. 4, pp. 3271–3281, DOI: 10.1109/TPWRS.2020.3041774.
4. North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC). Grid Forming Functional Specifications for BPS-Connected Battery Energy Storage Systems, 2023 [Electron. resource], URL: https://www.nerc.com/comm/RSTC_Reliability_Guidelines/White_Paper_GFM_Functional_Specification.pdf (Accessed on 15.06.25).
5. Australian Energy Market Operator (AEMO). Voluntary Specifications for Grid-Fomring Inverters, 2023 [Electron. resource], URL: https://aemo.com.au/-/media/files/initiatives/ primary-frequency-response/2023/gfm-voluntary-spec.pdf (Accessed on 15.06.25).
6. EU. Migrate consortium – 2020 [Electron. resource], URL: https://www. h2020-migrate.eu/ (Accessed on 15.06.25).
7. Suvorov A.A. et al. Elektricheskie stantsii – in Russ. (Electrical Stations), 2022, No. 3 (1088), pp. 43–57.
8. Lin Y. et al. Research Roadmap on Grid-Forming Inverters. Technical Report NREL/TP-5D00-73476, 2020, 60 p.
9. Fan B. et al. A Review of Current-Limiting Control of Grid-Forming Inverters Under Symmetrical Disturbances. – IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics, 2022, vol. 3, pp. 955–969, DOI: 10.1109/OJPEL.2022.3227507.
10. Lu M. et al. Dispatchable Virtualoscillator-Controlled Inverters with Current-Limiting and MPPT Capabilities. – IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2021, pp. 3316–3323, DOI: 10.1109/ECCE47101.2021.9595530.
11. Du W., Mohiuddin S.M. A Two-Stage Current Limiting Control Strategy for Improved Low-Voltage Ride-Through Capability of Direct-Droop-Controlled, Grid-Forming Inverters. – IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2023, pp. 2886–2890, DOI: 10.1109/ECCE53617.2023.10362015.
12. Li Z., Hu J., Chan K.W. A New Current Limiting and Overload Protection Scheme for Distributed Inverters in Microgrids Under Grid Faults. – IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 2021, vol. 57, No. 6, pp. 6362–6374, DOI: 10.1109/TIA.2021.3104269.
13. Erdocia J., Urtasun A., Marroyo L. Dual Voltage–Current Control to Provide Grid-Forming Inverters With Current Limiting Capability. – IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected Topics in Power Electronics, 2021, 3950–3962, DOI: 10.1109/JESTPE.2021.3133806.
14. Bottrell N., Green T.C. Comparison of Current-Limiting Strategies During Fault Ride-Through of Inverters to Prevent Latch-Up and Wind-Up. – IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 2014, vol. 29, No. 7, pp. 3786–3797, DOI: 10.1109/TPEL.2013.2279162.
15. Teodorescu R. et al. A New Control Structure for Grid-Connected LCL PV Inverters with Zero Steady-State Error and Selective Harmonic Compensation. – 19th Annual IEEE Applied Po-wer Electronics Conference and Exposition, 2004, DOI: 10.1109/APEC.2004.1295865.
16. Askarov A.B. et al. Elektrichestvo – in Russ. (Electricity), 2024, No. 1, pp. 18–36.
17. Suvorov A.A. et al. Elektrichestvo – in Russ. (Electricity), 2023, No. 3, pp. 35–51.
18. Gkountaras A., Dieckerhoff S., Sezi T. Evaluation of Current Limiting Methods for Grid Forming Inverters in Medium Voltage Microgrids. – IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), 2015, pp. 1223–1230, DOI: 10.1109/ECCE.2015.7309831.
19. Fan L. Modeling Type-4 Wind in Weak Grids. – IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy, 2019, vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 853–864, DOI: 10.1109/TSTE.2018.2849849.
20. Xin H. et al. Synchronous Instability Mechanism of P-f Droop-Controlled Voltage Source Converter Caused by Current Saturation. – IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2016, vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 5206–5207, DOI: 10.1109/TPWRS.2016.2521325.
21. Rokrok E. et al. Transient Stability Assessment and Enhancement of Grid-Forming Converters Embedding Current Reference Saturation as Current Limiting Strategy. – IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, 2022, vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 1519–1531, DOI: 10.1109/TPWRS.2021.3107959.
22. Ilyushin P.V., Simonov A.V. Releynaya zashchita i avtomatizatsiya – in Russ. (Relay Protection and Automation), 2020, No. 2 (39), pp. 30–38
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This study was carried out within the framework of the Tomsk Polytechnic University Strategic Academic Leadership Program "Priority-2030" (No. Priority-2030-EEZTs-015-198-2025).
