Электрические генераторы мегаваттной мощности для ветроэнергетики: состояние и тенденции развития
Ключевые слова:
синхронный генератор, асинхронный генератор двойного питания, постоянные магниты, сверхпроводимость, безредукторный привод, ветротурбина
Аннотация
Проанализированы современные конструкции и тенденции развития электрических генераторов для ветротурбин материковых и оффшорных ветроэлектростанций. Рассмотрены применяющиеся в мегаваттном диапазоне мощностей три типа генераторов для высокоскоростного, низкоскоростного и безредукторного привода. Определены необходимые электромагнитные нагрузки генераторов и изменение их основных размеров в зависимости от мощности. Отмечена тенденция к применениюбезредукторных синхронных генераторов с постоянными магнитами для мощностей до 8 МВт. Рассмотрены синхронные генераторы как с радиальным намагничиванием, так и другие варианты (с аксиальным потоком, без ферромагнитных сердечников и др.). Для мощностей 10 МВт и выше существенное уменьшение массы ветротурбины дает применение сверхпроводникового генератора. Однако из-за стоимости сверхпроводника коммерчески выгодный вариант однозначно не определен. Рассматриваются различные проекты (с «теплой», «холодной» сверхпроводимостью), а также варианты как полностью сверхпроводниковых генераторов, так и генераторов только со сверхпроводниковой системой возбуждения.
Литература
Оффшорная ветроэнергетика Европы: итоги 2018 года. [Электрон. ресурс], https://elektrovesti.net/64470 (дата обращения 16.03.2019).
Yang X., Patterson D., Hudgins J. Permanent Magnet Generator Design and Control for Large Wind Turbines. – Proc. of Int. Conf. on Power Electronics and Machines in Wind Applications (PEMWA 2012), Denver (US), Jul. 2012. pp.1-5. Paper 257. DOI: 10.1109/PEMWA.2012.6316367.
Gamesa 5.0 MW. [Электрон. pесурс] https://en.wind-turbine-models.com/turbines/768-gamesa-g132-.0mw (дата обращения 23.03.2019).
SL6000 Series Wind Turbine [Электрон. ресурс] http://sinovel.com/english/content/?109.html (дата обращения 18.02.2019).
E126 State of the art. [Электрон. ресурс] http://www.enercon.de/en-en/66.htm.(дата обращения 02.02.2019).
Vestas V164-8.0 [Электрон. ресурс] https://en.wind-turbine-models.com/turbines/318-vestas-v164-8.0 (дата обращения 18.03.2019).
Polinder H., van ser Pijl F.F.A., de Vilder G.J., Tavner P.J. Comparison of direct-drive and geared generator concepts for wind turbines. – IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2006, No. 21(3), рр. 725–733.
Юсупов К.Н., Беляев К.Л. Ветроэнергетическая установка SWT 3.0-101: безредукторная технология от Siemens. – Турбины и дизели, 2011, № 4, с. 4–9.
Siemens 6.0 MW Offshore Wind Turbine, 2014 [Электрон. ресурс] https://www.energy.siemens.com/us/pool/hq/power-generation/renewables/wind-power/wind%20turbines/6MW_direct_ drive_offshore_wind_turbine.pdf. (дата обращения 28.02.2019).
Semken R.S., Polikarpova M., Roytta P., Alexandrova J., Pyrhonen J., Nerg J., Mikkola A. and Backman J. Direct-Drive Permanent Magnet Generators for HighPower Wind Turbines: Benefits and Limiting Factors. – IET Renewable Power Generation, 2012, No. 6(1), рр. 1–8.
Антипов В.Н., Кручинина И.Ю. Проблемные вопросы создания высокоскоростных микротурбогенераторов и пути их решения. – Информационно-управляющие системы, 2012, № 4, с. 25–34.
Bang D., Polinder H., Shrestha G., Ferreira J.A. Promising direct-drive generator system for large wind turbines. – EPE Journal, 2008, No. 18(3), рр. 7–13.
Zhang J., Chen Z. and Cheng M. Design and comparison of a novel stator interior permanent magnet generator for direct-drive wind turbines. – IET Renewable Power Generation, 2007, No. 1(4), рр. 203–210.
Alexandrova Y., Semken R.S., Pyrhonen J. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Design Solution for Large Direct-Drive Wind Turbines. – Int. Review of Electrical Engineering (IREE), 2013, No. 8(6), рр. 1728–1737.
Sethuraman L., Maness M., Dykes K. Optimized Generator Designs for the DTU 10-MW Offshore Wind Turbine using Generator SE // AIAA SciTech Forum: 35th Wind Energy Symposium, Grapevine, Texas. DOI: 10.2172/1395455.
Permanent magnet generators. The Switch [Электрон. ресурс] URL: http://www.theswitch.com/wind-power/permanent-magnet-generators (дата обращения 14.03.2019).
Marles B., Yand M., Musial W. Comparative assessment of direct drive high temperatura supercondacting generators in multimegawatt class wind turbinesю – National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Technical Report, 2010 [Электрон. ресурс] http://www.osti.gov/bridge (дата обращения 30.02. 2019).
Ragheb M. Modern Wind Generators. NetFiles. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2010, 90 p.
AMSC. Sea Titan TM 10 MW Wind Turbine [Электрон. ресурс] http://www.amsc.com/documents/seatitan-10-mw-wind-turbine-data-shee (дата обращения 29.01.2019).
Snitchier G., Gamdle B., King C. 10 MW class superconductor wind turbine generators. – IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond, 2011, vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 1089–1092.
Liang Y., Rotaru M.D., Sykulski J.R. Electromagnetic simulation of a fully superconducting 10-MW-classs wind turbine generator. – IEEE Trans. Appl. Superconductivity, 2013, vol. 23 (6), pp. 46–50. DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2013.2277778.
Fair R., Stautner W., Douglass M. et al. Superconductivity for Large-Scale Wind Turbines. – DOE report Appl. Superconductivity Conf., Portland, Oregon October 11th, 2012.
Advance Magnetic Lab [Электрон. ресурс] http://www.magnetlab.com (дата обращения 14.03.2019).
#
Affshornaya vetroenergetika evropy: itogi 2018 data [Electron. resurs] https://elektrovesti.net/64470 (Data obrashcheniya 16.03.2019).
Yang X., Patterson D., Hudgins J. Permanent Magnet Generator Design and Control for Large Wind Turbines. – Proc. of Int. Conf. on Power Electronics and Machines in Wind Applications (PEMWA 2012), Denver (US), Jul. 2012. pp.1-5. Paper 257. DOI: 10.1109/PEMWA.2012.6316367.
Gamesa 5.0 MW [Electron. resurs] https://en.wind-turbine-models.com/turbines/768-gamesa-g132-5.0mw (Data obrashcheniya 23.03.2019).
SL6000 Series Wind Turbine [Electron. resurs] http://sinovel.com/english/content/?109.html (Data obrascheniya 18.02.2019).
E126 State of the art. [Electron. resurs] http://www.enercon.de/en-en/66.htm. (Data obrashcheniya 02.02.2019).
Vestas V164-8.0 [Electron. resurs] https://en.wind-turbine-models.com/turbines/318-vestas-v164-8.0 (Data obrashcheniya18.03.2019).
Polinder H., van ser Pijl F.F.A., de Vilder G.J., Tavner P.J. Comparison of direct-drive and geared generator concepts for wind turbines. – IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2006, No. 21(3), рр. 725–733.
Yusupov K.N., Belyayev K.L. Turbiny i dizeli – in Russ. (Turbines and Diesel Engines), 2011, No. 4, pp. 4–9.
Siemens 6.0 MW Offshore Wind Turbine. 2014 [Electron. resurs] https://www.energy.siemens.com/us/pool/hq/power-generation/renewables/wind-power/wind%20turbines/6MW_direct_ drive_offshore_wind_turbine.pdf. (Data obrashcheniya 28.02.2019).
Semken R.S., Polikarpova M., Roytta P., Alexandrova J., Pyrhonen J., Nerg J., Mikkola A. and Backman J. Direct-Drive Permanent Magnet Generators for HighPower Wind Turbines: Benefits and Limiting Factors. – IET Renewable Power Generation, 2012, No. 6(1), рр. 1–8.
Antipov V.N., Kruchinina I.Yu. Informatsionnye- uoravlyayushchiye sistemy – in Russi. (Management Information Systems), 2012, No. 4, pp. 25–34.
Bang D., Polinder H., Shrestha G., Ferreira J.A. Promising direct-drive generator system for large wind turbines. – EPE Journal, 2008, No. 18(3), рр. 7–13.
Zhang J., Chen Z. and Cheng M. Design and comparison of a novel stator interior permanent magnet generator for direct-drive wind turbines. – IET Renewable Power Generation, 2007, No. 1(4), рр. 203–210.
Alexandrova Y., Semken R.S., Pyrhonen J. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Design Solution for Large Direct-Drive Wind Turbines. – Int. Review of Electrical Engineering (IREE), 2013, No. 8(6), рр. 1728–1737.
Sethuraman L., Maness M., Dykes K. Optimized Generator Designs for the DTU 10-MW Offshore Wind Turbine using Generator SE // AIAA SciTech Forum: 35th Wind Energy Symposium, Grapevine, Texas. DOI: 10.2172/1395455.
Permanent magnet generators. The Switch [Electron. resurs] URL: http://www.theswitch.com/wind-power/permanent-magnet-generators (Data obrashcheniya 14.03.2019).
Marles B., Yand M., Musial W. Comparative assessment of direct drive high temperatura supercondacting generators in multimegawatt class wind turbinesю – National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Technical Report, 2010 [Electron resurs] http://www.osti.gov/bridge (Data obrashcheniya 30.02. 2019).
Ragheb M. Modern Wind Generators. NetFiles. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2010, 90 p.
AMSC. Sea Titan TM 10 MW Wind Turbine [Electron. resurs] http://www.amsc.com/documents/seatitan-10-mw-wind-turbine-data-shee (Data obrashcheniya 29.01.2019).
Snitchier G., Gamdle B., King C. 10 MW class superconductor wind turbine generators. – IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond, 2011, vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 1089–1092.
Liang Y., Rotaru M.D., Sykulski J.R. Electromagnetic simulation of a fully superconducting 10-MW-classs wind turbine generator. – IEEE Trans. Appl. Superconductivity, 2013, vol. 23 (6), pp. 46–50. DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2013.2277778.
Fair R., Stautner W., Douglass M. et al. Superconductivity for Large-Scale Wind Turbines. – DOE report Appl. Superconductivity Conf., Portland, Oregon October 11th, 2012.
Advance Magnetic Lab [Electron. resurs] http://www.magnetlab.com (Data obrashcheniya 14.03.2019).
Yang X., Patterson D., Hudgins J. Permanent Magnet Generator Design and Control for Large Wind Turbines. – Proc. of Int. Conf. on Power Electronics and Machines in Wind Applications (PEMWA 2012), Denver (US), Jul. 2012. pp.1-5. Paper 257. DOI: 10.1109/PEMWA.2012.6316367.
Gamesa 5.0 MW. [Электрон. pесурс] https://en.wind-turbine-models.com/turbines/768-gamesa-g132-.0mw (дата обращения 23.03.2019).
SL6000 Series Wind Turbine [Электрон. ресурс] http://sinovel.com/english/content/?109.html (дата обращения 18.02.2019).
E126 State of the art. [Электрон. ресурс] http://www.enercon.de/en-en/66.htm.(дата обращения 02.02.2019).
Vestas V164-8.0 [Электрон. ресурс] https://en.wind-turbine-models.com/turbines/318-vestas-v164-8.0 (дата обращения 18.03.2019).
Polinder H., van ser Pijl F.F.A., de Vilder G.J., Tavner P.J. Comparison of direct-drive and geared generator concepts for wind turbines. – IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2006, No. 21(3), рр. 725–733.
Юсупов К.Н., Беляев К.Л. Ветроэнергетическая установка SWT 3.0-101: безредукторная технология от Siemens. – Турбины и дизели, 2011, № 4, с. 4–9.
Siemens 6.0 MW Offshore Wind Turbine, 2014 [Электрон. ресурс] https://www.energy.siemens.com/us/pool/hq/power-generation/renewables/wind-power/wind%20turbines/6MW_direct_ drive_offshore_wind_turbine.pdf. (дата обращения 28.02.2019).
Semken R.S., Polikarpova M., Roytta P., Alexandrova J., Pyrhonen J., Nerg J., Mikkola A. and Backman J. Direct-Drive Permanent Magnet Generators for HighPower Wind Turbines: Benefits and Limiting Factors. – IET Renewable Power Generation, 2012, No. 6(1), рр. 1–8.
Антипов В.Н., Кручинина И.Ю. Проблемные вопросы создания высокоскоростных микротурбогенераторов и пути их решения. – Информационно-управляющие системы, 2012, № 4, с. 25–34.
Bang D., Polinder H., Shrestha G., Ferreira J.A. Promising direct-drive generator system for large wind turbines. – EPE Journal, 2008, No. 18(3), рр. 7–13.
Zhang J., Chen Z. and Cheng M. Design and comparison of a novel stator interior permanent magnet generator for direct-drive wind turbines. – IET Renewable Power Generation, 2007, No. 1(4), рр. 203–210.
Alexandrova Y., Semken R.S., Pyrhonen J. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Design Solution for Large Direct-Drive Wind Turbines. – Int. Review of Electrical Engineering (IREE), 2013, No. 8(6), рр. 1728–1737.
Sethuraman L., Maness M., Dykes K. Optimized Generator Designs for the DTU 10-MW Offshore Wind Turbine using Generator SE // AIAA SciTech Forum: 35th Wind Energy Symposium, Grapevine, Texas. DOI: 10.2172/1395455.
Permanent magnet generators. The Switch [Электрон. ресурс] URL: http://www.theswitch.com/wind-power/permanent-magnet-generators (дата обращения 14.03.2019).
Marles B., Yand M., Musial W. Comparative assessment of direct drive high temperatura supercondacting generators in multimegawatt class wind turbinesю – National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Technical Report, 2010 [Электрон. ресурс] http://www.osti.gov/bridge (дата обращения 30.02. 2019).
Ragheb M. Modern Wind Generators. NetFiles. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2010, 90 p.
AMSC. Sea Titan TM 10 MW Wind Turbine [Электрон. ресурс] http://www.amsc.com/documents/seatitan-10-mw-wind-turbine-data-shee (дата обращения 29.01.2019).
Snitchier G., Gamdle B., King C. 10 MW class superconductor wind turbine generators. – IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond, 2011, vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 1089–1092.
Liang Y., Rotaru M.D., Sykulski J.R. Electromagnetic simulation of a fully superconducting 10-MW-classs wind turbine generator. – IEEE Trans. Appl. Superconductivity, 2013, vol. 23 (6), pp. 46–50. DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2013.2277778.
Fair R., Stautner W., Douglass M. et al. Superconductivity for Large-Scale Wind Turbines. – DOE report Appl. Superconductivity Conf., Portland, Oregon October 11th, 2012.
Advance Magnetic Lab [Электрон. ресурс] http://www.magnetlab.com (дата обращения 14.03.2019).
#
Affshornaya vetroenergetika evropy: itogi 2018 data [Electron. resurs] https://elektrovesti.net/64470 (Data obrashcheniya 16.03.2019).
Yang X., Patterson D., Hudgins J. Permanent Magnet Generator Design and Control for Large Wind Turbines. – Proc. of Int. Conf. on Power Electronics and Machines in Wind Applications (PEMWA 2012), Denver (US), Jul. 2012. pp.1-5. Paper 257. DOI: 10.1109/PEMWA.2012.6316367.
Gamesa 5.0 MW [Electron. resurs] https://en.wind-turbine-models.com/turbines/768-gamesa-g132-5.0mw (Data obrashcheniya 23.03.2019).
SL6000 Series Wind Turbine [Electron. resurs] http://sinovel.com/english/content/?109.html (Data obrascheniya 18.02.2019).
E126 State of the art. [Electron. resurs] http://www.enercon.de/en-en/66.htm. (Data obrashcheniya 02.02.2019).
Vestas V164-8.0 [Electron. resurs] https://en.wind-turbine-models.com/turbines/318-vestas-v164-8.0 (Data obrashcheniya18.03.2019).
Polinder H., van ser Pijl F.F.A., de Vilder G.J., Tavner P.J. Comparison of direct-drive and geared generator concepts for wind turbines. – IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 2006, No. 21(3), рр. 725–733.
Yusupov K.N., Belyayev K.L. Turbiny i dizeli – in Russ. (Turbines and Diesel Engines), 2011, No. 4, pp. 4–9.
Siemens 6.0 MW Offshore Wind Turbine. 2014 [Electron. resurs] https://www.energy.siemens.com/us/pool/hq/power-generation/renewables/wind-power/wind%20turbines/6MW_direct_ drive_offshore_wind_turbine.pdf. (Data obrashcheniya 28.02.2019).
Semken R.S., Polikarpova M., Roytta P., Alexandrova J., Pyrhonen J., Nerg J., Mikkola A. and Backman J. Direct-Drive Permanent Magnet Generators for HighPower Wind Turbines: Benefits and Limiting Factors. – IET Renewable Power Generation, 2012, No. 6(1), рр. 1–8.
Antipov V.N., Kruchinina I.Yu. Informatsionnye- uoravlyayushchiye sistemy – in Russi. (Management Information Systems), 2012, No. 4, pp. 25–34.
Bang D., Polinder H., Shrestha G., Ferreira J.A. Promising direct-drive generator system for large wind turbines. – EPE Journal, 2008, No. 18(3), рр. 7–13.
Zhang J., Chen Z. and Cheng M. Design and comparison of a novel stator interior permanent magnet generator for direct-drive wind turbines. – IET Renewable Power Generation, 2007, No. 1(4), рр. 203–210.
Alexandrova Y., Semken R.S., Pyrhonen J. Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Design Solution for Large Direct-Drive Wind Turbines. – Int. Review of Electrical Engineering (IREE), 2013, No. 8(6), рр. 1728–1737.
Sethuraman L., Maness M., Dykes K. Optimized Generator Designs for the DTU 10-MW Offshore Wind Turbine using Generator SE // AIAA SciTech Forum: 35th Wind Energy Symposium, Grapevine, Texas. DOI: 10.2172/1395455.
Permanent magnet generators. The Switch [Electron. resurs] URL: http://www.theswitch.com/wind-power/permanent-magnet-generators (Data obrashcheniya 14.03.2019).
Marles B., Yand M., Musial W. Comparative assessment of direct drive high temperatura supercondacting generators in multimegawatt class wind turbinesю – National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Technical Report, 2010 [Electron resurs] http://www.osti.gov/bridge (Data obrashcheniya 30.02. 2019).
Ragheb M. Modern Wind Generators. NetFiles. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2010, 90 p.
AMSC. Sea Titan TM 10 MW Wind Turbine [Electron. resurs] http://www.amsc.com/documents/seatitan-10-mw-wind-turbine-data-shee (Data obrashcheniya 29.01.2019).
Snitchier G., Gamdle B., King C. 10 MW class superconductor wind turbine generators. – IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond, 2011, vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 1089–1092.
Liang Y., Rotaru M.D., Sykulski J.R. Electromagnetic simulation of a fully superconducting 10-MW-classs wind turbine generator. – IEEE Trans. Appl. Superconductivity, 2013, vol. 23 (6), pp. 46–50. DOI: 10.1109/TASC.2013.2277778.
Fair R., Stautner W., Douglass M. et al. Superconductivity for Large-Scale Wind Turbines. – DOE report Appl. Superconductivity Conf., Portland, Oregon October 11th, 2012.
Advance Magnetic Lab [Electron. resurs] http://www.magnetlab.com (Data obrashcheniya 14.03.2019).
