Vulnerability of Concentrated Above-Ground Structures to Lightning Strokes
Keywords:
lightning, lightning protection, concentrated above-ground structures, orientation process, calculation methods, laboratory and field studies
Abstract
An analysis of existing methods for evaluating the vulnerability of concentrated above-ground structures to lightning strokes is given. It is pointed out that the vulnerability evaluation methods based on the protection angle and rolling sphere techniques recommended in IEC 62305 regulatory documents are rather formalized and devoid of physical essence. It is also shown that attempts to apply these methods yield results that contradict the data of field observations and cannot serve as a reliable basis for addressing practical lightning protection matters. In addition, the air-termination rod height is limited in these documents to 60 m, which does not make it possible to evaluate the vulnerability of ultra-high structures. An alternative approach implies the use of a probabilistic calculation method based on the physics of discharge in atmospheric air, the statistical nature of the process through which lightning orients on the system of structures, and the choice of an element within the system. This method has found its practical application in the relevant Russian regulations. To quantify the results of laboratory studies, an analysis scheme for the moment at which the downward leader head orients to a grounded concentrated object is considered. It is shown that when testing with impulse voltages with a front duration of several ms, the test results can serve as a good basis for transferring them to natural lightning. A simplified method is proposed for assessing the incidence of downward and upward lightning discharges on concentrated above-ground structures, the results of calculation by which are in good agreement with field observations.
References
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5. Акопян А.А. Исследование защитного действия молниеотводов. – Труды ВЭИ, 1940, вып. 36, с. 94–58.
6. Базелян Э.М., Горин Б.Н., Левитов В.И. Физические и инженерные основы молниезащиты. Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1978, 223 с.
7. He J., Wang X., Zeng R. Evaluation of Leader Progression Model and EGM for Analysing Lightning Performance of Transmission Line. – CIGRE, 2014, rep. C4-201.
8. Фотин В.П. и др. Генераторы грозовых и коммутационных импульсов напряжения наружной установки. – Электротехника, 1983, № 8, с. 60–63.
9. Golde R.H. The Lightning Conductor. – Journal of the Franklin Institute, 1967, vol. 283, No. 6, pp. 451–477, DOI: 10.1016/0016-0032(67)90597-2.
10. Linck H., Sargent M. Lightning Performance of Modern Transmission Lines. – CIGRE Paris, 1974, Secc. No. 33/09, pp. 11–15.
11. Darveniza M., Popolansky P., Whitehead E.R. Lightning Protection of UHV Transmission Lines. – Electra, 1975, No. 41, pp. 39–69.
12. РД 34.21.122-87. Инструкция по устройству молниезащиты зданий и сооружений. М.: Энергоатомиздат, 1989.
13. СО 153-343.21.122-2003. Инструкция по устройству молниезащиты зданий, сооружений и промышленных коммуникаций. М.: Изд-во МЭИ, 2004, 57 с.
14. IEC 62305-1:2010. Protection Against Lightning – Part 1: General Principles.
15. IEC 62305-2:2010. Protection Against Lightning – Part 2. Risk Management.
16. IEC 62305-3:2010. Protection Against Lightning – Part 3 Physical Damage to Structures and Life Hazard.
17. Eriksson A.J. Lightning and Tall Structures. – Transactions of the South African Institute of Electrical Engineers, 1978, vol. 69, No. 8, pp. 238–252.
18. Eriksson A.J. Reply to Discussion on Paper “Lightning and Tall Structures”. – Transactions of the South African Institute of Electrical Engineers, 1979, vol. 70, No. 5.
19. Anderson R.B., Eriksson A.J. Lightning Parameters for Engineering Applications. – Electra, 1980, No. 69, pp. 65–102.
20. Александров Г.Н. и др. К вопросу об оценке защитного действия молниеотводов. – Известия АН СССР. Энергетика и транспорт, 1970, № 3, с. 48–54.
21. Волкова О.В., Корявин А.Р. Поражаемость искровым разрядом стержня на плоскости. – Электричество, 1991, № 5, с. 52–55.
22. Корявин А.Р. Электрическая прочность внешней изоляции. М.: Изд-во МЭИ, 2018, 224 с.
23. РД 153-34.3-35.125-99. Руководство по защите электрических сетей 6–1150 кВ от грозовых и внутренних перенапряжений. СПб.: ПЭИПК Минтопэнерго РФ, 1999, 353 с.
24. Горин Б.Н., Левитов В.И., Шкилев А.В. Разряды молнии в Останкинскую телебашню. – Электричество, 1972, № 2, с. 24–29.
25. McCann G. The Measurement of Lightning Currents in Direct Strokes. – Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, 1944, vol. 63, No. 12, p. 1157–1164, DOI: 10.1109/T-AIEE. 1944.5058859.
26. Szpor S., Miladovska K., Wieckowski Y. Lightning Current Records on Industrial Chimneys in Poland. – CIGRE Paris, 1974, Session 21–29 August, pp. 1–6.
27. Szpor S., Suchocki J., Kolotovski J. Rejestraeja pradow pioranowych na wysokich objektach w Polsce polnochej. – Acta Technica Gedanensia, 1963, No. 2, рp. 120–128.
28. Раков В.А., Луц А.О. К оценке радиуса стягивания молнии к объекту. – Электричество, 1988, № 9, с. 64–67.
#
1. Akopyan A.A. Elektrichestvo – in Russ. (Electricity), 1937, No. 9-10, pp. 20–25.
2. Akopyan A.A. Elektrichestvo – in Russ. (Electricity), 1938, No. 1, pp. 22–29.
3. Akopyan A.A. Elektricheskie stantsii – in Russ. (Electrical Power Plants), 1938, No. 6, pp. 15–23.
4. Akopyan A.A. Elektricheskie stantsii – in Russ. (Electrical Power Plants), 1938, No. 8-9, pp. 33–34.
5. Akopyan A.A. Trudy VEI – in Russ. (Proceedings of All-Union Electrotechnical Institute), 1940, iss. 36, pp. 94–58.
6. Bazelyan E.M., Gorin B.N., Levitov V.I. Fizicheskie i inzhenernye osnovy molniezashchity (Physical and Engineering Basics of Lightning Protection). L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1978, 223 p.
7. He J., Wang X., Zeng R. Evaluation of Leader Progression Model and EGM for Analysing Lightning Performance of Transmission Line. – CIGRE, 2014, rep. C4-201.
8. Fotin V.P. et al. Elektrotehnika – in Russ. (Electrical Engineering), 1983, No. 8, pp. 60–63.
9. Golde R.H. The Lightning Conductor. – Journal of the Franklin Institute, 1967, vol. 283, No. 6, pp. 451–477, DOI: 10.1016/0016-0032(67)90597-2.
10. Linck H., Sargent M. Lightning Performance of Modern Transmission Lines. – CIGRE Paris, 1974, Secc. No. 33/09, pp. 11–15.
11. Darveniza M., Popolansky P., Whitehead E.R. Lightning Protection of UHV Transmission Lines. – Electra, 1975, No. 41, pp. 39–69.
12. RD 34.21.122-87. Instruktsiya po ustroystvu molniezashchity zdaniy i sooruzheniy (Guidelines for Lightning Protection of Buildings and Structures). M.: Energoatomizdat, 1989.
13. SO 153-343.21.122-2003. Instruktsiya po ustroystvu mol-niezashchity zdaniy, sooruzheniy i promyshlennyh kommunikatsiy (Guidelines on Installation of Lightning Protection Devices for Buildings, Structures, and Industrial Utility Lines). M.: Izd-vo MEI, 2004, 57 p.
14. IEC 62305-1:2010. Protection Against Lightning – Part 1: General Principles.
15. IEC 62305-2:2010. Protection Against Lightning – Part 2. Risk Management.
16. IEC 62305-3:2010. Protection Against Lightning – Part 3 Physical Damage to Structures and Life Hazard.
17. Eriksson A.J. Lightning and Tall Structures. – Transactions of the South African Institute of Electrical Engineers, 1978, vol. 69,
No. 8, pp. 238–252.
18. Eriksson A.J. Reply to Discussion on Paper “Lightning and Tall Structures”. – Transactions of the South African Institute of Electrical Engineers, 1979, vol. 70, No. 5.
19. Anderson R.B., Eriksson A.J. Lightning Parameters for Engineering Applications. – Electra, 1980, No. 69, pp. 65–102.
20. Aleksandrov G.N. et al. Izvestiya AN SSSR. Energetika i transport – in Russ. (Izvestia of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Energy and Transport), 1970, No. 3, pp. 48–54.
21. Volkova O.V., Koryavin A.R. Elektrichestvo – in Russ. (Electricity), 1991, No. 5, pp. 52–55.
22. Koryavin A.R. Elektricheskaya prochnost’ vneshney izolyatsii (Electrical Strength of External Insulation). M.: Izd-vo MEI, 2018, 224 p.
23. RD 153-34.3-35.125-99. Rukovodstvo po zashchite elektri-cheskih setey 6–1150 kV ot grozovyh i vnutrennih perenapryazheniy (Guidelines for the Protection of Electrical Networks 6–1150 kV from Lightning and Internal Overvoltages). SPb.: PEIPK Mintopenergo RF, 1999, 353 p.
24. Gorin B.N., Levitov V.I., Shkilev A.V. Elektrichestvo – in Russ. (Electricity), 1972, No. 2, pp. 24–29.
25. McCann G. The Measurement of Lightning Currents in Direct Strokes. – Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, 1944, vol. 63, No. 12, p. 1157–1164, DOI: 10.1109/T-AIEE.1944.5058859.
26. Szpor S., Miladovska K., Wieckowski Y. Lightning Current Records on Industrial Chimneys in Poland. – CIGRE Paris, 1974, Session 21–29 August, pp. 1–6.
27. Szpor S., Suchocki J., Kolotovski J. Rejestraeja pradow pioranowych na wysokich objektach w Polsce polnochej. – Acta Technica Gedanensia, 1963, No. 2, rp. 120–128.
28. Rakov V.A., Luts A.O. Elektrichestvo – in Russ. (Electricity), 1988, No. 9, pp. 64–67
2. Акопян А.А. Защитное действие двойного и многократного стержневых молниеотводов. – Электричество, 1938, № 1, с. 22–29.
3. Акопян А.А. Исследование на модели защитного действия тросовых или антенных молниеотводов. – Электрические станции, 1938, № 6, с. 15–23.
4. Акопян А.А. Защитное действие двойного стержневого молниеотвода. – Электрические станции, 1938, № 8-9, с. 33–34.
5. Акопян А.А. Исследование защитного действия молниеотводов. – Труды ВЭИ, 1940, вып. 36, с. 94–58.
6. Базелян Э.М., Горин Б.Н., Левитов В.И. Физические и инженерные основы молниезащиты. Л.: Гидрометеоиздат, 1978, 223 с.
7. He J., Wang X., Zeng R. Evaluation of Leader Progression Model and EGM for Analysing Lightning Performance of Transmission Line. – CIGRE, 2014, rep. C4-201.
8. Фотин В.П. и др. Генераторы грозовых и коммутационных импульсов напряжения наружной установки. – Электротехника, 1983, № 8, с. 60–63.
9. Golde R.H. The Lightning Conductor. – Journal of the Franklin Institute, 1967, vol. 283, No. 6, pp. 451–477, DOI: 10.1016/0016-0032(67)90597-2.
10. Linck H., Sargent M. Lightning Performance of Modern Transmission Lines. – CIGRE Paris, 1974, Secc. No. 33/09, pp. 11–15.
11. Darveniza M., Popolansky P., Whitehead E.R. Lightning Protection of UHV Transmission Lines. – Electra, 1975, No. 41, pp. 39–69.
12. РД 34.21.122-87. Инструкция по устройству молниезащиты зданий и сооружений. М.: Энергоатомиздат, 1989.
13. СО 153-343.21.122-2003. Инструкция по устройству молниезащиты зданий, сооружений и промышленных коммуникаций. М.: Изд-во МЭИ, 2004, 57 с.
14. IEC 62305-1:2010. Protection Against Lightning – Part 1: General Principles.
15. IEC 62305-2:2010. Protection Against Lightning – Part 2. Risk Management.
16. IEC 62305-3:2010. Protection Against Lightning – Part 3 Physical Damage to Structures and Life Hazard.
17. Eriksson A.J. Lightning and Tall Structures. – Transactions of the South African Institute of Electrical Engineers, 1978, vol. 69, No. 8, pp. 238–252.
18. Eriksson A.J. Reply to Discussion on Paper “Lightning and Tall Structures”. – Transactions of the South African Institute of Electrical Engineers, 1979, vol. 70, No. 5.
19. Anderson R.B., Eriksson A.J. Lightning Parameters for Engineering Applications. – Electra, 1980, No. 69, pp. 65–102.
20. Александров Г.Н. и др. К вопросу об оценке защитного действия молниеотводов. – Известия АН СССР. Энергетика и транспорт, 1970, № 3, с. 48–54.
21. Волкова О.В., Корявин А.Р. Поражаемость искровым разрядом стержня на плоскости. – Электричество, 1991, № 5, с. 52–55.
22. Корявин А.Р. Электрическая прочность внешней изоляции. М.: Изд-во МЭИ, 2018, 224 с.
23. РД 153-34.3-35.125-99. Руководство по защите электрических сетей 6–1150 кВ от грозовых и внутренних перенапряжений. СПб.: ПЭИПК Минтопэнерго РФ, 1999, 353 с.
24. Горин Б.Н., Левитов В.И., Шкилев А.В. Разряды молнии в Останкинскую телебашню. – Электричество, 1972, № 2, с. 24–29.
25. McCann G. The Measurement of Lightning Currents in Direct Strokes. – Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, 1944, vol. 63, No. 12, p. 1157–1164, DOI: 10.1109/T-AIEE. 1944.5058859.
26. Szpor S., Miladovska K., Wieckowski Y. Lightning Current Records on Industrial Chimneys in Poland. – CIGRE Paris, 1974, Session 21–29 August, pp. 1–6.
27. Szpor S., Suchocki J., Kolotovski J. Rejestraeja pradow pioranowych na wysokich objektach w Polsce polnochej. – Acta Technica Gedanensia, 1963, No. 2, рp. 120–128.
28. Раков В.А., Луц А.О. К оценке радиуса стягивания молнии к объекту. – Электричество, 1988, № 9, с. 64–67.
#
1. Akopyan A.A. Elektrichestvo – in Russ. (Electricity), 1937, No. 9-10, pp. 20–25.
2. Akopyan A.A. Elektrichestvo – in Russ. (Electricity), 1938, No. 1, pp. 22–29.
3. Akopyan A.A. Elektricheskie stantsii – in Russ. (Electrical Power Plants), 1938, No. 6, pp. 15–23.
4. Akopyan A.A. Elektricheskie stantsii – in Russ. (Electrical Power Plants), 1938, No. 8-9, pp. 33–34.
5. Akopyan A.A. Trudy VEI – in Russ. (Proceedings of All-Union Electrotechnical Institute), 1940, iss. 36, pp. 94–58.
6. Bazelyan E.M., Gorin B.N., Levitov V.I. Fizicheskie i inzhenernye osnovy molniezashchity (Physical and Engineering Basics of Lightning Protection). L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1978, 223 p.
7. He J., Wang X., Zeng R. Evaluation of Leader Progression Model and EGM for Analysing Lightning Performance of Transmission Line. – CIGRE, 2014, rep. C4-201.
8. Fotin V.P. et al. Elektrotehnika – in Russ. (Electrical Engineering), 1983, No. 8, pp. 60–63.
9. Golde R.H. The Lightning Conductor. – Journal of the Franklin Institute, 1967, vol. 283, No. 6, pp. 451–477, DOI: 10.1016/0016-0032(67)90597-2.
10. Linck H., Sargent M. Lightning Performance of Modern Transmission Lines. – CIGRE Paris, 1974, Secc. No. 33/09, pp. 11–15.
11. Darveniza M., Popolansky P., Whitehead E.R. Lightning Protection of UHV Transmission Lines. – Electra, 1975, No. 41, pp. 39–69.
12. RD 34.21.122-87. Instruktsiya po ustroystvu molniezashchity zdaniy i sooruzheniy (Guidelines for Lightning Protection of Buildings and Structures). M.: Energoatomizdat, 1989.
13. SO 153-343.21.122-2003. Instruktsiya po ustroystvu mol-niezashchity zdaniy, sooruzheniy i promyshlennyh kommunikatsiy (Guidelines on Installation of Lightning Protection Devices for Buildings, Structures, and Industrial Utility Lines). M.: Izd-vo MEI, 2004, 57 p.
14. IEC 62305-1:2010. Protection Against Lightning – Part 1: General Principles.
15. IEC 62305-2:2010. Protection Against Lightning – Part 2. Risk Management.
16. IEC 62305-3:2010. Protection Against Lightning – Part 3 Physical Damage to Structures and Life Hazard.
17. Eriksson A.J. Lightning and Tall Structures. – Transactions of the South African Institute of Electrical Engineers, 1978, vol. 69,
No. 8, pp. 238–252.
18. Eriksson A.J. Reply to Discussion on Paper “Lightning and Tall Structures”. – Transactions of the South African Institute of Electrical Engineers, 1979, vol. 70, No. 5.
19. Anderson R.B., Eriksson A.J. Lightning Parameters for Engineering Applications. – Electra, 1980, No. 69, pp. 65–102.
20. Aleksandrov G.N. et al. Izvestiya AN SSSR. Energetika i transport – in Russ. (Izvestia of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Energy and Transport), 1970, No. 3, pp. 48–54.
21. Volkova O.V., Koryavin A.R. Elektrichestvo – in Russ. (Electricity), 1991, No. 5, pp. 52–55.
22. Koryavin A.R. Elektricheskaya prochnost’ vneshney izolyatsii (Electrical Strength of External Insulation). M.: Izd-vo MEI, 2018, 224 p.
23. RD 153-34.3-35.125-99. Rukovodstvo po zashchite elektri-cheskih setey 6–1150 kV ot grozovyh i vnutrennih perenapryazheniy (Guidelines for the Protection of Electrical Networks 6–1150 kV from Lightning and Internal Overvoltages). SPb.: PEIPK Mintopenergo RF, 1999, 353 p.
24. Gorin B.N., Levitov V.I., Shkilev A.V. Elektrichestvo – in Russ. (Electricity), 1972, No. 2, pp. 24–29.
25. McCann G. The Measurement of Lightning Currents in Direct Strokes. – Transactions of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, 1944, vol. 63, No. 12, p. 1157–1164, DOI: 10.1109/T-AIEE.1944.5058859.
26. Szpor S., Miladovska K., Wieckowski Y. Lightning Current Records on Industrial Chimneys in Poland. – CIGRE Paris, 1974, Session 21–29 August, pp. 1–6.
27. Szpor S., Suchocki J., Kolotovski J. Rejestraeja pradow pioranowych na wysokich objektach w Polsce polnochej. – Acta Technica Gedanensia, 1963, No. 2, rp. 120–128.
28. Rakov V.A., Luts A.O. Elektrichestvo – in Russ. (Electricity), 1988, No. 9, pp. 64–67
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2025-05-29
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