A Review of Constructions of Transformers with Superconducting Windings
Keywords:
transformer, high-temperature superconductivity, transformer design, cryogenic engineering
Abstract
Three key design components of existing superconducting transformers with capacities above 25 kVA are reviewed. Modern tendencies existing in this field are considered, and the advantages and drawbacks of superconducting transformers in comparison with conventional ones are pointed out. The review contains four parts: a brief introduction with outlining the specific features of high-temperature superconductor tapes used in transformers, a review of the used “warm” and “cold” magnetic core designs, a review of various types of windings and specific features connected with their manufacture, and a review of the used cryostats required for normal operation of superconducting transformers. The final part of the article contains a table summarizing all experimental developments of superconducting transformers with the announced rated capacity above 25 kVA existing by the article writing time. The basic parameters of the transformers, the development year, the purpose, and the reference to the original investigation are given.
References
Sissimatos E. Technik und Einsatz von hochtemperatur-supraleitenden Leistungstransformatoren. Dissertation. Universität Hannover, 2005.
Волков Э.П., Джафаров Э.А., Флейшман Л.С., Высоцкий В.С., Суконкин В.В. и др. Первый в России ВТСП трансформа- тор 1 МВ×А, 10/ 4 кВ. – Изв. Российской академии наук. Энергетика, 201 №. c. 45—56.
Iwakuma M., Kizen Sakaki, Akira Tomioka, Takeji Miyayama, Masayuki Konno. Development of a 3$\phi $-66/6.9 kV-2 MVA REBCO Superconducting Transformer. — IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 201 vol. No. 2 pp. 1—6.
Schwenterly S.W., Monnell B.W., Demko J.A., Fadnek A., Hsu J., List F.A. Performance of a 1 MV×A HTS demonstration transformer. – IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 199 vol. No. pp. 680–684.
Weber C.S., Reis C.T., Haselton D.W. Design and operational testing of a 5/10-MVA HTS utility power transformer. — IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 200 vol. 1 No. pp. 2210—2213.
Малков М.П., Данилов И.Б., Зельдович А.Г., Фрадков А.Б. Справочник по физико-техническим основам криогени- ки/Под ред. М.П. Малкова. 3-е изд. М.: Энергоатомиздат, 1985, 4 с.
Schlosser R. Schlosser R., Schmidt H., Leghisso M., Meinert M. Development of high-temperature superconducting transformers for railway applications. — IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 200 vol. 1 No. pp. 2325—2330.
Zueger H. 6 kVA high temperature superconducting transformer. – Cryogenics, 199 vol. 3 No. 1 pp. 1169—1172.
Berger A., Noe M., Kudymow A. Test results of kVA current limiting transformer with full recovery under load. — IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 201 vol. 2 №. pp. 1384—1387.
Song Meng, Yuejun Tang, Nan Chen, Zhi Li., Yusheng Zhou. The oretical analysis and experiment research of high temperature superconducting air-core transformer. — Intern. Conf. on IEEE «Electrical Machines and Systems», 200 pp. 4394—4397.
Hu D., Sheng J., Ma J., Yao L., Li Z.Y., Hong Z. Characteristic tests and electromagnetic analysis of an HTS partial core transformer. — IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 20 vol. No. 4, pp. 1—5.
Pérez B. AC losses in a toroidal superconducting transformer. — IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 20 vol. No. 2, pp. 2341—2343.
Gniewek J.J., Ploge E. Cryogenic behavior of selected magnetic materials. — Journal of research of the NBS. Engineering and Instrumentation, 19 vol. No. 3, pp. 225—236.
Kim S.H. Characteristic tests of a 1 MVA single phase HTS transformer with concentrically arranged windings. — IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 20 vol. No. 2, pp. 2214—2217.
Kim W.S. Characteristic test of a 1 MVA single phase HTS transformer with pancake windings. — IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 20 vol. No. 2, pp. 904—907.
Vysotsky V.S., Fetisov S.S., Zubko V.V., Zanegin S.Yu., Nosov A.A. Development and test results of HTS windings for superconducting transformer with 1 MVA rated power. — IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 20 vol. No. 4, pp. 1—5.
Hellmann S. Manufacturing of a 1 MVA-Class superconducting fault current limiting transformer with recovery-under-load capabilities. — IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 20 vol. No. 4, pp. 1—5.
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Glasson N., Staines M., Buckley R., Pannu M. Development of a 1 MVA 3-phase superconducting transformer using YBCO Roebel cable. — IEEE transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 20 vol. No. 3, pp. 1393—1396.
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Kummeth P. Development and test of a kVA superconducting transformer operated at 77 K. — Superconductor Science and Technology, 20 vol. №. 5, pp. 503.
Schwenterly S.W. Design and operating performance of cryocooled helium thermosiphon loops for HTS transformers. — AIP Conf. Proc, 20 vol. 7 No. 1, pp. 839—848.
Funaki K. Development of a 22kV/6.9 kV single-phase model for a 3MVA HTS transformer cooled by liquid. — Applied Superconductivity Conf. (ASC2000).
Tixador P. Tests of a Bi/Y transformer. — IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 20 vol. No. 2, pp. 1847—1850.
Kamijo H. Tests of superconducting traction transformer for railway rolling stock. — IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 20 vol. No. 2, pp. 1927—1930.
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Uhei Ohtsubo., Masataka Iwakuma, Stiki Sato, Kizen Sakaki, Akira Tomioka. Development of REBCO superconducting transformers with a current limiting function—Fabrication and tests of 6.9 kV- kVA transformers. — IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 20 vol. No. 3, pp. 1—5.
Glasson N. Test results and conclusions from a 1 MVA superconducting transformer featuring 2G HTS Roebel cable. — IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond, 20 vol. №. 4.
Dai S. Development of a 1250-kVA superconducting transformer and its demonstration at the superconducting substation. — IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 20 vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 1—7.
Qiu Q. Winding design and electromagnetic analysis for a 1250-kVA HTS transformer. — IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 20 vol. No. 1, pp. 1—7.
Hu D. Development of a single-phase 330kVA HTS transformer using GdBCO tapes. — Physica C: Superconductivity and its applications, 20 vol. 5 pp. 8—12.
Berger A. Comparison of the efficiency of superconducting and conventional transformers. — Journal of Physics: Conf. Series. – IOP Publishing, 20 vol. 2 No. 3.
Александров Н.В. Исследование влияния сверхпровод- никовых трансформаторов на режимы электроэнергетических систем: Дис. … канд. тех. наук. Новосибирск, НГТУ, 24.04.2014.
#
Sissimatos E. Technik und Einsatz von hochtemperatur-supraleitenden Leistungstransformatoren. Dissertation. Universität Hannover, 2005. 2016, No. 5, pp. 45—56.
Volkov E.P., Dzhafarov E.A., Flishman L.S., Visotskiy V.S., Sukonkin V.V. et al. Izv. Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Energetika – in Russ. (News of RAS. Energy), 2016, No. 5, pp. 45–56.
Iwakuma M., Kizen Sakaki, Akira Tomioka, Takeji Miyayama, Masayuki Konno. Development of a 3$\phi $-66/6.9 kV-2 MVA REBCO Superconducting Transformer. — IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2015, vol. 3, No. 25, pp. 1—6.
Schwenterly S.W., Monnell B.W., Demko J.A., Fadnek A., Hsu J., List F.A. Performance of a 1 MV×A HTS demonstration transformer. – IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 1999, vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 680–684.
Weber C.S., Reis C.T., Haselton D.W. Design and operational testing of a 5/10-MVA HTS utility power transformer. — IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 2005, vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 2210—2213.
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Schlosser R. Schlosser R., Schmidt H., Leghisso M., Meinert M. Development of high-temperature superconducting transformers for railway applications. — IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2003, vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 2325—2330.
Zueger H. 630 kVA high temperature superconducting transformer. – Cryogenics, 1998, vol. 38, No. 11, pp. 1169—1172.
Berger A., Noe M., Kudymow A. Test results of 60 kVA current limiting transformer with full recovery under load. — IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 2011, vol. 21, №. 3, pp. 1384—1387.
Song Meng, Yuejun Tang, Nan Chen, Zhi Li., Yusheng Zhou. Theoretical analysis and experiment research of high temperature superconducting air-core transformer. — Intern. Conf. on IEEE, Electrical Machines and Systems, 2008, pp. 4394—4397.
Hu D., Sheng J., Ma J., Yao L., Li Z.Y., Hong Z. Characteristic tests and electromagnetic analysis of an HTS partial core transformer. — IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2016, vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 1—5.
Pérez B. AC losses in a toroidal superconducting transformer. — IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 2003, vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 2341—2343.
Gniewek J.J., Ploge E. Cryogenic behavior of selected magnetic materials. — Journal of research of the NBS. Engineering and Instrumentation, 1965, vol. 69, No. 3, pp. 225—236.
Kim S.H. Characteristic tests of a 1 MVA single phase HTS transformer with concentrically arranged windings. — IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 2005, vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 2214—2217.
Kim W.S. Characteristic test of a 1 MVA single phase HTS transformer with pancake windings. — IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 2004, vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 904—907.
Vysotsky V.S. Fetisov S.S., Zubko V.V., Zanegin S.Yu., Nosov A.A. Development and test results of HTS windings for superconducting transformer with 1 MVA rated power. — IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2017, vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 1—5.
Hellmann S. Manufacturing of a 1 MVA-Class superconducting fault current limiting transformer with recovery-under-load capabilities. — IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2017, vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 1—5.
Berger A., Noe M., Kudymow A. Test results of 60 kVA current limiting transformer with full recovery under load. — IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 2011, vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 1384—1387.
Wilson M. Sverkhprovodyashchiye magnity (Superconductor magnets)/ Transl. from Eng. Moscow, Mir, 1985, 405 p.
Tikhomirov P.M. Raschet transformatorov (Calculation of transformers). Moscow, Energoatomizdat, 1986, vol. 528.
Tixador P., Donnier-Valentin G., Maher E. Design and construction of a 41 kVA Bi/Y transformer. — IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 2003, vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 2331—2336.
Glasson N., Staines M., Buckley R., Pannu M. Development of a 1 MVA 3-phase superconducting transformer using YBCO Roebel cable. — IEEE transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2011, vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 1393—1396.
Funaki K. Preliminary tests of a 500 kVA-class oxide superconducting transformer cooled by subcooled nitrogen. — IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 1997, vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 824—827.
Funaki K. Development of a 500kVA-class oxide-superconducting power transformer operated at liquid-nitrogen temperature. — TEION KOGAKU: Journal of Cryogenics and Superconductivity Society of Japan, 1998, vol. 33, No. 6, pp. 371—381.
Kummeth P. Development and test of a 100 kVA superconducting transformer operated at 77 K. — Superconductor Science and Technology, 2000, vol. 13, №. 5, pp. 503.
Schwenterly S.W. Design and operating performance of cryocooled helium thermosiphon loops for HTS transformers. — AIP Conf. Proc, 2004, vol. 710, No. 1, pp. 839—848.
Funaki K. Development of a 22kV/6.9 kV single-phase model for a 3MVA HTS transformer cooled by liquid. — Applied Superconductivity Conf. (ASC2000).
Tixador P. Tests of a Bi/Y transformer. — IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 2005, vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 1847—1850.
Kamijo H. Tests of superconducting traction transformer for railway rolling stock. — IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2007, vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 1927—1930.
Kamijo H. Fabrication of superconducting traction transformer for railway rolling stock. — Journal of Physics: Conf. Series. – IOP Publishing, 2006, vol. 43, No. 1, p. 841.
Wang Y. Development of a 630 kVA three-phase HTS transformer with amorphous alloy cores. — IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2007, vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 2051—2054.
Xiao L., Shaotao Dai, Liangzen Li, Linye Zhang. Development of the world’s first HTS power substation. — IEEE Transactions on applied superconductivity, 2012, vol. 22, No. 3.
Kotari M. Development of 2 MVA class superconducting fault current limiting transformer (SFCLT) with YBCO coated conductors. — Journal of Physics: Conf. Series. – IOP Publishing, 2010, vol. 234, No. 3.
Uhei Ohtsubo., Masataka Iwakuma, Stiki Sato, Kizen Sakaki, Akira Tomioka. Development of REBCO superconducting transformers with a current limiting function—Fabrication and tests of 6.9 kV-400 kVA transformers. — IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2015, vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 1—5.
Glasson N. Test results and conclusions from a 1 MVA superconducting transformer featuring 2G HTS Roebel cable. — IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond, 2017, vol. 27, №. 4.
Dai S. Development of a 1250-kVA superconducting transformer and its demonstration at the superconducting substation. — IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2016, vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 1—7.
Qiu Q. Winding design and electromagnetic analysis for a 1250-kVA HTS transformer. — IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2015, vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 1—7.
Hu D. Development of a single-phase 330kVA HTS transformer using GdBCO tapes. — Physica C: Superconductivity and its applications, 2017, vol. 539, pp. 8—12.
Berger A. Comparison of the efficiency of superconducting and conventional transformers. — Journal of Physics: Conf. Series. – IOP Publishing, 2010, vol. 234, No. 3.
Aleksandrov N.V. Issledovaniye vliyaniya sverkhprovodnikovykh transformatorov… (Research of influence of superconducting transformers…). Diss. for the Degree of Cand. Sci. (Eng.). Novosibirsk State technical university, 24.04.2014.
Волков Э.П., Джафаров Э.А., Флейшман Л.С., Высоцкий В.С., Суконкин В.В. и др. Первый в России ВТСП трансформа- тор 1 МВ×А, 10/ 4 кВ. – Изв. Российской академии наук. Энергетика, 201 №. c. 45—56.
Iwakuma M., Kizen Sakaki, Akira Tomioka, Takeji Miyayama, Masayuki Konno. Development of a 3$\phi $-66/6.9 kV-2 MVA REBCO Superconducting Transformer. — IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 201 vol. No. 2 pp. 1—6.
Schwenterly S.W., Monnell B.W., Demko J.A., Fadnek A., Hsu J., List F.A. Performance of a 1 MV×A HTS demonstration transformer. – IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 199 vol. No. pp. 680–684.
Weber C.S., Reis C.T., Haselton D.W. Design and operational testing of a 5/10-MVA HTS utility power transformer. — IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 200 vol. 1 No. pp. 2210—2213.
Малков М.П., Данилов И.Б., Зельдович А.Г., Фрадков А.Б. Справочник по физико-техническим основам криогени- ки/Под ред. М.П. Малкова. 3-е изд. М.: Энергоатомиздат, 1985, 4 с.
Schlosser R. Schlosser R., Schmidt H., Leghisso M., Meinert M. Development of high-temperature superconducting transformers for railway applications. — IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 200 vol. 1 No. pp. 2325—2330.
Zueger H. 6 kVA high temperature superconducting transformer. – Cryogenics, 199 vol. 3 No. 1 pp. 1169—1172.
Berger A., Noe M., Kudymow A. Test results of kVA current limiting transformer with full recovery under load. — IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 201 vol. 2 №. pp. 1384—1387.
Song Meng, Yuejun Tang, Nan Chen, Zhi Li., Yusheng Zhou. The oretical analysis and experiment research of high temperature superconducting air-core transformer. — Intern. Conf. on IEEE «Electrical Machines and Systems», 200 pp. 4394—4397.
Hu D., Sheng J., Ma J., Yao L., Li Z.Y., Hong Z. Characteristic tests and electromagnetic analysis of an HTS partial core transformer. — IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 20 vol. No. 4, pp. 1—5.
Pérez B. AC losses in a toroidal superconducting transformer. — IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 20 vol. No. 2, pp. 2341—2343.
Gniewek J.J., Ploge E. Cryogenic behavior of selected magnetic materials. — Journal of research of the NBS. Engineering and Instrumentation, 19 vol. No. 3, pp. 225—236.
Kim S.H. Characteristic tests of a 1 MVA single phase HTS transformer with concentrically arranged windings. — IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 20 vol. No. 2, pp. 2214—2217.
Kim W.S. Characteristic test of a 1 MVA single phase HTS transformer with pancake windings. — IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 20 vol. No. 2, pp. 904—907.
Vysotsky V.S., Fetisov S.S., Zubko V.V., Zanegin S.Yu., Nosov A.A. Development and test results of HTS windings for superconducting transformer with 1 MVA rated power. — IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 20 vol. No. 4, pp. 1—5.
Hellmann S. Manufacturing of a 1 MVA-Class superconducting fault current limiting transformer with recovery-under-load capabilities. — IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 20 vol. No. 4, pp. 1—5.
Berger A., Noe M., Kudymow A. Test results of 60 kVA current limiting transformer with full recovery under load. — IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 20 vol. No. 3, pp. 1384—1387.
Уилсон М. Сверхпроводящие магниты/Пер. с англ. М.: Мир, 19 p.
Тихомиров П.М. Расчет трансформаторов. М.: Энергоатомиздат, 19 vol. 528.
Tixador P., Donnier-Valentin G., Maher E. Design and construction of a 41 kVA Bi/Y transformer. — IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 20 vol. No. 2, pp. 2331—2336.
Glasson N., Staines M., Buckley R., Pannu M. Development of a 1 MVA 3-phase superconducting transformer using YBCO Roebel cable. — IEEE transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 20 vol. No. 3, pp. 1393—1396.
Funaki K. Preliminary tests of a kVA-class oxide superconducting transformer cooled by subcooled nitrogen. — IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 19 vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 824—827.
Funaki K. Development of a 500kVA-class oxide-superconducting power transformer operated at liquid-nitrogen temperature. — TEION KOGAKU: Journal of Cryogenics and Superconductivity Society of Japan, 19 vol. 33, No. 6, pp. 371—381.
Kummeth P. Development and test of a kVA superconducting transformer operated at 77 K. — Superconductor Science and Technology, 20 vol. №. 5, pp. 503.
Schwenterly S.W. Design and operating performance of cryocooled helium thermosiphon loops for HTS transformers. — AIP Conf. Proc, 20 vol. 7 No. 1, pp. 839—848.
Funaki K. Development of a 22kV/6.9 kV single-phase model for a 3MVA HTS transformer cooled by liquid. — Applied Superconductivity Conf. (ASC2000).
Tixador P. Tests of a Bi/Y transformer. — IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 20 vol. No. 2, pp. 1847—1850.
Kamijo H. Tests of superconducting traction transformer for railway rolling stock. — IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 20 vol. No. 2, pp. 1927—1930.
Kamijo H. Fabrication of superconducting traction transformer for railway rolling stock. — Journal of Physics: Conf. Series. – IOP Publishing, 20 vol. No. 1, p. 841.
Wang Y. Development of a kVA three-phase HTS transformer with amorphous alloy cores. — IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 20 vol. No. 2, pp. 2051—2054.
Xiao L., Shaotao Dai, Liangzen Li, Linye Zhang. Development of the world’s first HTS power substation. — IEEE Transactions on applied superconductivity, 20 vol. No. 3.
Kotari M. Development of 2 MVA class superconducting fault current limiting transformer (SFCLT) with YBCO coated conductors. — Journal of Physics: Conf. Series. – IOP Publishing, 20 vol. 2 No. 3.
Uhei Ohtsubo., Masataka Iwakuma, Stiki Sato, Kizen Sakaki, Akira Tomioka. Development of REBCO superconducting transformers with a current limiting function—Fabrication and tests of 6.9 kV- kVA transformers. — IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 20 vol. No. 3, pp. 1—5.
Glasson N. Test results and conclusions from a 1 MVA superconducting transformer featuring 2G HTS Roebel cable. — IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond, 20 vol. №. 4.
Dai S. Development of a 1250-kVA superconducting transformer and its demonstration at the superconducting substation. — IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 20 vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 1—7.
Qiu Q. Winding design and electromagnetic analysis for a 1250-kVA HTS transformer. — IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 20 vol. No. 1, pp. 1—7.
Hu D. Development of a single-phase 330kVA HTS transformer using GdBCO tapes. — Physica C: Superconductivity and its applications, 20 vol. 5 pp. 8—12.
Berger A. Comparison of the efficiency of superconducting and conventional transformers. — Journal of Physics: Conf. Series. – IOP Publishing, 20 vol. 2 No. 3.
Александров Н.В. Исследование влияния сверхпровод- никовых трансформаторов на режимы электроэнергетических систем: Дис. … канд. тех. наук. Новосибирск, НГТУ, 24.04.2014.
#
Sissimatos E. Technik und Einsatz von hochtemperatur-supraleitenden Leistungstransformatoren. Dissertation. Universität Hannover, 2005. 2016, No. 5, pp. 45—56.
Volkov E.P., Dzhafarov E.A., Flishman L.S., Visotskiy V.S., Sukonkin V.V. et al. Izv. Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Energetika – in Russ. (News of RAS. Energy), 2016, No. 5, pp. 45–56.
Iwakuma M., Kizen Sakaki, Akira Tomioka, Takeji Miyayama, Masayuki Konno. Development of a 3$\phi $-66/6.9 kV-2 MVA REBCO Superconducting Transformer. — IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2015, vol. 3, No. 25, pp. 1—6.
Schwenterly S.W., Monnell B.W., Demko J.A., Fadnek A., Hsu J., List F.A. Performance of a 1 MV×A HTS demonstration transformer. – IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 1999, vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 680–684.
Weber C.S., Reis C.T., Haselton D.W. Design and operational testing of a 5/10-MVA HTS utility power transformer. — IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 2005, vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 2210—2213.
Malkov M.P., Danilov I.B., Zel’dovich A.G., Fradkov A.B. Spravochnik po fiziko-tekhnicheskim osnovam criogueniki (Reference book on physics and technical bases of cryogenics)/Edit. by M.P. Malkov. 3rd Edit. Moscow, Energoatomizdat, 1985, 432 p.
Schlosser R. Schlosser R., Schmidt H., Leghisso M., Meinert M. Development of high-temperature superconducting transformers for railway applications. — IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2003, vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 2325—2330.
Zueger H. 630 kVA high temperature superconducting transformer. – Cryogenics, 1998, vol. 38, No. 11, pp. 1169—1172.
Berger A., Noe M., Kudymow A. Test results of 60 kVA current limiting transformer with full recovery under load. — IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 2011, vol. 21, №. 3, pp. 1384—1387.
Song Meng, Yuejun Tang, Nan Chen, Zhi Li., Yusheng Zhou. Theoretical analysis and experiment research of high temperature superconducting air-core transformer. — Intern. Conf. on IEEE, Electrical Machines and Systems, 2008, pp. 4394—4397.
Hu D., Sheng J., Ma J., Yao L., Li Z.Y., Hong Z. Characteristic tests and electromagnetic analysis of an HTS partial core transformer. — IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2016, vol. 26, No. 4, pp. 1—5.
Pérez B. AC losses in a toroidal superconducting transformer. — IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 2003, vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 2341—2343.
Gniewek J.J., Ploge E. Cryogenic behavior of selected magnetic materials. — Journal of research of the NBS. Engineering and Instrumentation, 1965, vol. 69, No. 3, pp. 225—236.
Kim S.H. Characteristic tests of a 1 MVA single phase HTS transformer with concentrically arranged windings. — IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 2005, vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 2214—2217.
Kim W.S. Characteristic test of a 1 MVA single phase HTS transformer with pancake windings. — IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 2004, vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 904—907.
Vysotsky V.S. Fetisov S.S., Zubko V.V., Zanegin S.Yu., Nosov A.A. Development and test results of HTS windings for superconducting transformer with 1 MVA rated power. — IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2017, vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 1—5.
Hellmann S. Manufacturing of a 1 MVA-Class superconducting fault current limiting transformer with recovery-under-load capabilities. — IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 2017, vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 1—5.
Berger A., Noe M., Kudymow A. Test results of 60 kVA current limiting transformer with full recovery under load. — IEEE transactions on applied superconductivity, 2011, vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 1384—1387.
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