Молния, Наука. Часть 2: Ток и электромагнетизм
Ключевые слова:
молния, первый и последующие удары, пиковый ток молнии, измерения электрических и магнитных полей молнии
Аннотация
Молния может быть определена как переходный, многоамперный (обычно десятки кА) электрический разряд в воздухе, длина которого измеряется в км. Как и любой разряд в воздухе, канал молнии состоит из ионизированного газа, то есть плазмы, пиковая температура которой обычно составляет 30000 К, что примерно в пять раз выше температуры поверхности Солнца. Глобальная скорость вспышки молнии составляет от нескольких десятков до ста км/с. Молния инициирует многие лесные пожары, и более 30% всех отказов линий электропередачи связаны с молнией. Каждый коммерческий самолет поражается молнией в среднем раз в год. Удар молнии в незащищенный объект или систему может быть катастрофическим. В первой части статьи [1] был дан обзор грозовых облаков и их зарядовой структуры, а также описаны различные типы молний. Рассмотрены существующие гипотезы возникновения молний в грозовых облаках. Во второй части дается характеристика токовых и электромагнитных сигнатур молнии и рассматриваются методы измерения электрических и магнитных полей, генерируемых вспышками молнии.
Литература
1. Раков В.А. Lightning, the Science. Part 1: Modern View. – Электричество, 2021, №. 5, с.4–16.
2. Berger К. Methods and results of the lightning research on the Monte San Salvatore near Lugano in the years 1963-1971. – Bull. SEV 63, 1972, No. 24, pp. 1403–1422.
3. Berger K., Anderson R.B., Kroninger H. Parameters of lightning flashes. – Electra, 1975, No. 41, pp. 23–37.
4. Anderson R.B., Eriksson A.J. Lightning parameters for engineering application. – Electra, 1980, vol. 69, pp. 65–102.
5. Takami, J., Okabe S. Observational results of lightning current on transmission towers. – IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, 2007, vol. 22, pp. 547–556.
6. Diendorfer G., Pichler H., Mair M. Some parameters of negative upward-initiated lightning to the Gaisberg tower (2000–2007). – IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., 2009, vol. 51, pp. 443–452.
7. Schoene J., Uman M.A., Rakov V.A., et al. Characterization of return-stroke currents in rocket-triggered lightning. – Journal of Geophysical Research, 2009, vol.114, pp. D03106, doi:10.1029/2008JD009873.
8. Visacro S., Mesquita C.R., De Conti A., Silveira F.H. Updated statistics of lightning currents measured at Morro do Cachimbo station. Atmos. Res, 2012, vol. 117, pp. 55–63.
9. Leteinturier C., Hamelin J. H., Eybert-Berard A. Submicrosecond characteristics of lightning return-stroke currents. – IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., 1991, vol. 33, pp. 351–357.
10. Lin Y.T., Uman M.A., Tiller J.A., Brantley R.D., Beasley W.H., Krider E.P., Weidman C.D. Characterization of light-ning return stroke electric and magnetic fields from simultaneous two station measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 1979, vol. 84, pp. 6307–6314.
11. Rakov V.A., Thottappillil R., Uman M.A. On the empirical formula of Willett et al. relating lightning return-stroke peak current and peak electric field. J. Geophys. Res., 1992, vol. 97, No. 11, pp. 527–533.
12. Willett J.C., Bailey J.C., Idone V.P., Eybert Berard A., Barret L. Submicrosecond intercomparison of radiation fields and currents in triggered lightning return strokes based on the transmission line model. J. Geophys. Res., 1989, vol. 94, No. 13, pp. 275–286.
13. Uman M.A., McLain D.K. Magnetic field of the lightning return stroke. J. Geophys. Res. 1969, vol. 74, pp. 6899–6910.
14. Rubinstein M., Bermúdez J.-L., Rakov V.A., Rachidi F., Hussein A. Compensation of the instrumental decay in measured lightning electric field waveforms. – IEEE Trans. on EMC, 2012, vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 685–688.
15. Baba Y., Rakov V.A. 2007. Electromagnetic fields at the top of a tall building associated with nearby lightning return strokes. – IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 49, No. 3, pp. 632–643.
16. Uman M.A. The Lightning Discharge. Orlando (Fla): Academic Press, 1987, 391 p.
17. Rakov V.A. Fundamentals of Lightning, Cambridge University Press, 2016, 257 p.
#
1. Rakov V.A. Lightning, the Science. Part 1: Modern View. – Elektrichestvo, 2021, No. 5, pp. 4–16.
2. Berger К. Methods and results of the lightning research on the Monte San Salvatore near Lugano in the years 1963-1971. – Bull. SEV 63, 1972, No. 24, pp. 1403–1422.
3. Berger K., Anderson R. B., Kroninger H. Parameters of lightning flashes. – Electra, 1975, No. 41, pp. 23–37.
4. Anderson R.B., Eriksson A.J. Lightning parameters for engineering application. – Electra, 1980, vol. 69, pp. 65–102.
5. Takami, J., Okabe S. Observational results of lightning current on transmission towers. – IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, 2007, vol. 22, pp. 547–556.
6. Diendorfer G., Pichler H., Mair M. Some parameters of negative upward-initiated lightning to the Gaisberg tower (2000–2007). – IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., 2009, vol. 51, pp. 443–452.
7. Schoene J., Uman M.A., Rakov V.A., et al. Characterization of return-stroke currents in rocket-triggered lightning. – Journal of Geophy-sical Research, 2009, vol.114, pp. D03106, doi:10.1029/2008JD009873.
8. Visacro S., Mesquita C.R., De Conti A., Silveira F.H. Updated statistics of lightning currents measured at Morro do Cachimbo station. Atmos. Res, 2012, vol. 117, pp. 55–63.
9. Leteinturier C., Hamelin J. H., Eybert-Berard A. Submicro-second characteristics of lightning return-stroke currents. – IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., 1991, vol. 33, pp. 351–357.
10. Lin Y.T., Uman M.A., Tiller J.A., Brantley R.D., Beasley W.H., Krider E.P., Weidman C.D. Characterization of lightning return stroke electric and magnetic fields from simultaneous two station measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 1979, vol. 84, pp. 6307–6314.
11. Rakov V.A., Thottappillil R., Uman M.A. On the empirical formula of Willett et al. relating lightning return-stroke peak current and peak electric field. J. Geophys. Res. , 1992, vol. 97, No. 11, pp. 527–533.
12. Willett J.C., Bailey J.C., Idone V.P., Eybert Berard A., Barret L. Submicrosecond intercomparison of radiation fields and currents in triggered lightning return strokes based on the transmission line model. J. Geophys. Res., 1989, vol. 94, No. 13, pp. 275–286.
13. Uman M.A., McLain D.K. Magnetic field of the lightning return stroke. J. Geophys. Res. 1969, vol. 74, pp. 6899–6910.
14. Rubinstein M., Bermúdez J.-L., Rakov V.A., Rachidi F., Hussein A. Compensation of the instrumental decay in measured lightning electric field waveforms. – IEEE Trans. on EMC, 2012, vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 685–688.
15. Baba Y., Rakov V.A. 2007. Electromagnetic fields at the top of a tall building associated with nearby lightning return strokes. – IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 49, No. 3, pp. 632–643.
16. Uman M.A. The Lightning Discharge. Orlando (Fla): Academic Press, 1987, 391 p.
17. Rakov V.A. Fundamentals of Lightning, Cambridge University Press, 2016, 257 p.
2. Berger К. Methods and results of the lightning research on the Monte San Salvatore near Lugano in the years 1963-1971. – Bull. SEV 63, 1972, No. 24, pp. 1403–1422.
3. Berger K., Anderson R.B., Kroninger H. Parameters of lightning flashes. – Electra, 1975, No. 41, pp. 23–37.
4. Anderson R.B., Eriksson A.J. Lightning parameters for engineering application. – Electra, 1980, vol. 69, pp. 65–102.
5. Takami, J., Okabe S. Observational results of lightning current on transmission towers. – IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, 2007, vol. 22, pp. 547–556.
6. Diendorfer G., Pichler H., Mair M. Some parameters of negative upward-initiated lightning to the Gaisberg tower (2000–2007). – IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., 2009, vol. 51, pp. 443–452.
7. Schoene J., Uman M.A., Rakov V.A., et al. Characterization of return-stroke currents in rocket-triggered lightning. – Journal of Geophysical Research, 2009, vol.114, pp. D03106, doi:10.1029/2008JD009873.
8. Visacro S., Mesquita C.R., De Conti A., Silveira F.H. Updated statistics of lightning currents measured at Morro do Cachimbo station. Atmos. Res, 2012, vol. 117, pp. 55–63.
9. Leteinturier C., Hamelin J. H., Eybert-Berard A. Submicrosecond characteristics of lightning return-stroke currents. – IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., 1991, vol. 33, pp. 351–357.
10. Lin Y.T., Uman M.A., Tiller J.A., Brantley R.D., Beasley W.H., Krider E.P., Weidman C.D. Characterization of light-ning return stroke electric and magnetic fields from simultaneous two station measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 1979, vol. 84, pp. 6307–6314.
11. Rakov V.A., Thottappillil R., Uman M.A. On the empirical formula of Willett et al. relating lightning return-stroke peak current and peak electric field. J. Geophys. Res., 1992, vol. 97, No. 11, pp. 527–533.
12. Willett J.C., Bailey J.C., Idone V.P., Eybert Berard A., Barret L. Submicrosecond intercomparison of radiation fields and currents in triggered lightning return strokes based on the transmission line model. J. Geophys. Res., 1989, vol. 94, No. 13, pp. 275–286.
13. Uman M.A., McLain D.K. Magnetic field of the lightning return stroke. J. Geophys. Res. 1969, vol. 74, pp. 6899–6910.
14. Rubinstein M., Bermúdez J.-L., Rakov V.A., Rachidi F., Hussein A. Compensation of the instrumental decay in measured lightning electric field waveforms. – IEEE Trans. on EMC, 2012, vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 685–688.
15. Baba Y., Rakov V.A. 2007. Electromagnetic fields at the top of a tall building associated with nearby lightning return strokes. – IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 49, No. 3, pp. 632–643.
16. Uman M.A. The Lightning Discharge. Orlando (Fla): Academic Press, 1987, 391 p.
17. Rakov V.A. Fundamentals of Lightning, Cambridge University Press, 2016, 257 p.
#
1. Rakov V.A. Lightning, the Science. Part 1: Modern View. – Elektrichestvo, 2021, No. 5, pp. 4–16.
2. Berger К. Methods and results of the lightning research on the Monte San Salvatore near Lugano in the years 1963-1971. – Bull. SEV 63, 1972, No. 24, pp. 1403–1422.
3. Berger K., Anderson R. B., Kroninger H. Parameters of lightning flashes. – Electra, 1975, No. 41, pp. 23–37.
4. Anderson R.B., Eriksson A.J. Lightning parameters for engineering application. – Electra, 1980, vol. 69, pp. 65–102.
5. Takami, J., Okabe S. Observational results of lightning current on transmission towers. – IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, 2007, vol. 22, pp. 547–556.
6. Diendorfer G., Pichler H., Mair M. Some parameters of negative upward-initiated lightning to the Gaisberg tower (2000–2007). – IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., 2009, vol. 51, pp. 443–452.
7. Schoene J., Uman M.A., Rakov V.A., et al. Characterization of return-stroke currents in rocket-triggered lightning. – Journal of Geophy-sical Research, 2009, vol.114, pp. D03106, doi:10.1029/2008JD009873.
8. Visacro S., Mesquita C.R., De Conti A., Silveira F.H. Updated statistics of lightning currents measured at Morro do Cachimbo station. Atmos. Res, 2012, vol. 117, pp. 55–63.
9. Leteinturier C., Hamelin J. H., Eybert-Berard A. Submicro-second characteristics of lightning return-stroke currents. – IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., 1991, vol. 33, pp. 351–357.
10. Lin Y.T., Uman M.A., Tiller J.A., Brantley R.D., Beasley W.H., Krider E.P., Weidman C.D. Characterization of lightning return stroke electric and magnetic fields from simultaneous two station measurements. J. Geophys. Res., 1979, vol. 84, pp. 6307–6314.
11. Rakov V.A., Thottappillil R., Uman M.A. On the empirical formula of Willett et al. relating lightning return-stroke peak current and peak electric field. J. Geophys. Res. , 1992, vol. 97, No. 11, pp. 527–533.
12. Willett J.C., Bailey J.C., Idone V.P., Eybert Berard A., Barret L. Submicrosecond intercomparison of radiation fields and currents in triggered lightning return strokes based on the transmission line model. J. Geophys. Res., 1989, vol. 94, No. 13, pp. 275–286.
13. Uman M.A., McLain D.K. Magnetic field of the lightning return stroke. J. Geophys. Res. 1969, vol. 74, pp. 6899–6910.
14. Rubinstein M., Bermúdez J.-L., Rakov V.A., Rachidi F., Hussein A. Compensation of the instrumental decay in measured lightning electric field waveforms. – IEEE Trans. on EMC, 2012, vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 685–688.
15. Baba Y., Rakov V.A. 2007. Electromagnetic fields at the top of a tall building associated with nearby lightning return strokes. – IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 49, No. 3, pp. 632–643.
16. Uman M.A. The Lightning Discharge. Orlando (Fla): Academic Press, 1987, 391 p.
17. Rakov V.A. Fundamentals of Lightning, Cambridge University Press, 2016, 257 p.
